opacity_createall.cpp

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/* This file is part of Cloudy and is copyright (C)1978-2013 by Gary J. Ferland and
 * others.  For conditions of distribution and use see copyright notice in license.txt */
/*OpacityCreateAll compute initial set of opacities for all species */
/*OpacityCreate1Element generate ionic subshell opacities by calling t_ADfA::Inst().phfit */
/*opacity_more_memory allocate more memory for opacity stack */
/*Opacity_iso_photo_cs returns photoionization cross section for isoelectronic sequences */
/*hmiopc derive total H- H minus opacity */
/*rayleh compute Rayleigh scattering cross section for Lya */
/*OpacityValenceRescale routine to rescale non-OP valence shell cross sections */
/******************************************************************************
 *NB NB NB  NB NB NB NB NB NB NB  NB NB NB NB
 * everything set here must be written to the opacity store files
 *
 ****************************************************************************** */
#include "cddefines.h"
#include "physconst.h"
#include "dense.h"
#include "continuum.h"
#include "iso.h"
#include "hydrogenic.h"
#include "oxy.h"
#include "trace.h"
#include "heavy.h"
#include "rfield.h"
#include "hmi.h"
#include "atmdat.h"
#include "save.h"
#include "grains.h"
#include "thirdparty.h"
#include "hydro_bauman.h"
#include "opacity.h"
#include "helike_recom.h"
#include "taulines.h"
#include "h2.h"
#include "h2_priv.h"
#include "ipoint.h"
#include "mole.h"
 
static const int NCSH2P = 10;
 
/* limit to number of opacity cells available in the opacity stack*/
static long int ndimOpacityStack = 2600000L;
 
/*OpacityCreate1Element generate opacities for entire element by calling t_ADfA::Inst().phfit */
STATIC void OpacityCreate1Element(long int nelem);
 
/*opacity_more_memory allocate more memory for opacity stack */
STATIC void opacity_more_memory(void);
 
/*hmiopc derive total H- H minus opacity */
STATIC double hmiopc(double freq);
 
/*rayleh compute Rayleigh scattering cross section for Lya */
STATIC double rayleh(double ener);
 
/*Opacity_iso_photo_cs returns photoionization cross section for isoelectronic sequences */
STATIC double Opacity_iso_photo_cs( double energy , long ipISO , long nelem , long index );
 
/*OpacityCreateReilMan generate photoionization cross sections from Reilman and Manson points */
STATIC void OpacityCreateReilMan(long int low, 
  long int ihi, 
  const realnum cross[], 
  long int ncross, 
  long int *ipop, 
  const char *chLabl);
 
static bool lgRealloc = false;
 
/*OpacityCreatePowerLaw generate array of cross sections using a simple power law fit */
STATIC void OpacityCreatePowerLaw(
        /* lower energy limit on continuum mesh */
        long int ilo, 
        /* upper energy limit on continuum mesh */
        long int ihi, 
        /* threshold cross section */
        double cross, 
        /* power law index */
        double s, 
        /* pointer to opacity offset where this starts */
        long int *ip);
 
/*ofit compute cross sections for all shells of atomic oxygen */
STATIC double ofit(double e, 
          realnum opart[]);
 
/*OpacityValenceRescale routine to rescale non-OP valence shell cross sections for atom */
STATIC void OpacityValenceRescale(
        /* element number on C scale */
        long int nelem ,
        /* scale factor, must be >= 0. */
        double scale )
{
 
        long int ion , nshell , low , ihi , ipop , ip;
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "OpacityValenceRescale()" );
 
        /* return if element is not turned on 
         * >>chng 05 oct 19, this had not been done, so low in the opacity offset below was
         * not set, and opacity index was negative - only problem when K turned off */
        if( !dense.lgElmtOn[nelem] )
        {
                return;
        }
 
        /* scale better be >= 0. */
        ASSERT( scale >= 0. );
 
        ion = 0;
        /* this is valence shell on C scale */
        nshell = Heavy.nsShells[nelem][ion] - 1;
 
        /* set lower and upper limits to this range */
        low = opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][0];
        ihi = opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][1];
        ipop = opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][2];
 
        /* loop over energy range of this shell */
        for( ip=low-1; ip < ihi; ip++ )
        {
                opac.OpacStack[ip-low+ipop] *= scale;
        }
        return;
}
 
void OpacityCreateAll(void)
{
        long int i, 
          ipISO ,
          need ,
          nelem;
 
        realnum opart[7];
 
        double crs, 
          dx,
          eps, 
          thom, 
          thres, 
          x;
 
        /* >>chng 02 may 29, change to lgOpacMalloced */
        /* remember whether opacities have ever been evaluated in this coreload
        static bool lgOpEval = false; */
 
        /* fits to cross section for photo dist of H_2^+ */
        static const realnum csh2p[NCSH2P]={6.75f,0.24f,8.68f,2.5f,10.54f,7.1f,12.46f,
          6.0f,14.28f,2.7f};
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "OpacityCreateAll()" );
 
        /* H2+ h2plus h2+ */
 
        /* make and print dust opacities
         * fill in dstab and dstsc, totals, zero if no dust
         * may be different if different grains are turned on */
        GrainsInit();
 
        /* flag lgOpacMalloced says whether opacity stack has been generated
         * only do this one time per core load  */
        /* >>chng 02 may 29, from lgOpEval to lgOpacMalloced */
        if( lgOpacMalloced )
        {
                /* this is not the first time code called */
                if( trace.lgTrace )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " OpacityCreateAll called but NOT evaluated since already done.\n" );
                }
                return;
        }
 
        /* create the space for the opacity stack */
        opac.OpacStack = (double*)MALLOC((size_t)ndimOpacityStack*sizeof(double));
        lgOpacMalloced = true;
 
        if( trace.lgTrace )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " OpacityCreateAll called, evaluating.\n" );
        }
 
        /* zero out opac since this array sometimes addressed before OpacityAddTotal called */
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nupper; i++ )
        {
                opac.opacity_abs[i] = 0.;
        }
 
        /* nOpacTot is number of opacity cells in OpacStack filled so far by opacity generating routines */
        opac.nOpacTot = 0;
 
        /* photoionization of h, he-like iso electronic sequences */
        for( ipISO=ipH_LIKE; ipISO<=ipHE_LIKE; ++ipISO )
        {
                for( nelem=ipISO; nelem < LIMELM; nelem++ )
                {
                        iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].HighestLevelOpacStack.resize(0);
                        if( dense.lgElmtOn[nelem] )
                        {
                                long int nupper;
 
                                /* this is the opacity offset in the general purpose pointer array */
                                /* indices are type, shell. ion, element, so this is the inner shell,
                                 * NB - this works for H and He, but the second index should be 1 for Li */
                                opac.ipElement[nelem][nelem-ipISO][0][2] = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        
                                fixit(); // opacities really need to be owned by states or species and stored in STL containers
                                        // so we don't have to mess with remembering what the upper and lower limits are
 
                                // all iso states go to high-energy limit of code 
                                nupper = rfield.nupper;
                                for( long index=0; index < iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].numLevels_max; index++ )
                                {
                                        /* this is array index to the opacity offset */
                                        iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].ipOpac = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
 
                                        /* first make sure that first energy point is at least near the limit */
                                        /* >>chng 01 sep 23, increased factor form 0.98 to 0.94, needed since cells now go
                                         * so far into radio, where resolution is poor */
                                        ASSERT( rfield.AnuOrg[iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1] > 0.94f * 
                                                iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].xIsoLevNIonRyd );
 
                                        /* number of cells we will need to do this level */
                                        need = nupper - iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].ipIsoLevNIonCon + 1;
                                        ASSERT( need > 0 );
 
                                        if( opac.nOpacTot + need > ndimOpacityStack )
                                                opacity_more_memory();
 
                                        for( i=iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1; i < nupper; i++ )
                                        {
                                                double crs = 
                                                        Opacity_iso_photo_cs( rfield.AnuOrg[i] , ipISO , nelem , index );
                                                opac.OpacStack[i-iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].ipIsoLevNIonCon+iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].ipOpac] = crs; 
                                                if( index==iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].numLevels_max-1 )
                                                        iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].HighestLevelOpacStack.push_back( crs );
                                        }
 
                                        opac.nOpacTot += need;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
 
        /* H2 continuum dissociation opacity */
        for( diatom_iter diatom = diatoms.begin(); diatom != diatoms.end(); ++diatom )
        {
                if( (*diatom)->lgEnabled && mole_global.lgStancil )
                {
                        for( vector< diss_tran >::iterator tran = (*diatom)->Diss_Trans.begin(); tran != (*diatom)->Diss_Trans.end(); ++tran )
                        {
                                /* choose to integrate from 0.1 to 4 Ryd, data only extends from 0.7 to ~2 Ryd */
                                long lower_limit = ipoint(tran->energies[0]);
                                long upper_limit = ipoint(tran->energies.back());
                                upper_limit = MIN2( upper_limit, rfield.nflux-1 );
                                long ipCont_Diss = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
                                long num_points = 0;
 
                                /* >>chng 02 may 08, by Ryan.  Added this and other checks for allotted memory. */
                                if( opac.nOpacTot + upper_limit - lower_limit + 1 > ndimOpacityStack )
                                        opacity_more_memory();
 
                                for(i = lower_limit; i <= upper_limit; ++i)
                                {
                                        opac.OpacStack[ipCont_Diss + num_points - 1] = 
                                                MolDissocCrossSection( *tran, rfield.anu[i] );
                                        ++num_points;
                                }
                                opac.nOpacTot += num_points;
                        }
                }
        }
        
        /* This check will get us through Klein-Nishina below.  */
        if( opac.nOpacTot + iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon + rfield.nupper > ndimOpacityStack )
                opacity_more_memory();
 
        /* Lyman alpha damping wings - Rayleigh scattering */
        opac.ipRayScat = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        for( i=0; i < iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon; i++ )
        {
                opac.OpacStack[i-1+opac.ipRayScat] = rayleh(rfield.AnuOrg[i]);
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon;
 
        /* ==============================================================
         * this block of code defines the electron scattering cross section
         * for all energies */
 
        /* assume Thomson scattering up to ipCKshell, 20.6 Ryd=0.3 keV */
        thom = 6.65e-25;
        opac.iopcom = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        for( i=0; i < opac.ipCKshell; i++ )
        {
                opac.OpacStack[i-1+opac.iopcom] = thom;
                /*fprintf(ioQQQ,"%.3e\t%.3e\n", 
                        rfield.AnuOrg[i]*EVRYD , opac.OpacStack[i-1+opac.iopcom] );*/
        }
 
        /* Klein-Nishina from eqn 7.5, 
         * >>refer      Klein-Nishina   cs      Rybicki and Lightman */
        for( i=opac.ipCKshell; i < rfield.nupper; i++ )
        {
                dx = rfield.AnuOrg[i]/3.7573e4;
 
                opac.OpacStack[i-1+opac.iopcom] = thom*3.e0/4.e0*((1.e0 + 
                  dx)/POW3(dx)*(2.e0*dx*(1.e0 + dx)/(1.e0 + 2.e0*dx) - log(1.e0+
                  2.e0*dx)) + 1.e0/2.e0/dx*log(1.e0+2.e0*dx) - (1.e0 + 3.e0*
                  dx)/POW3(1.e0 + 2.e0*dx));
                /*fprintf(ioQQQ,"%.3e\t%.3e\n", 
                        rfield.AnuOrg[i]*EVRYD , opac.OpacStack[i-1+opac.iopcom] );*/
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += rfield.nupper - 1 + 1;
 
        /* ============================================================== */
 
        /* This check will get us through "H- hminus H minus bound-free opacity" below. */
        /* >>chng 02 may 08, by Ryan.  Added this and other checks for allotted memory. */
        if( opac.nOpacTot + 3*rfield.nupper - opac.ippr + iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon - hmi.iphmin + 2 > ndimOpacityStack )
                opacity_more_memory();
 
        /* pair production */
        opac.ioppr = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        for( i=opac.ippr-1; i < rfield.nupper; i++ )
        {
                /* pair production heating rate for unscreened H + He
                 * fit to figure 41 of Experimental Nuclear Physics,
                 * Vol1, E.Segre, ed */
 
                x = rfield.AnuOrg[i]/7.512e4*2.;
 
                opac.OpacStack[i-opac.ippr+opac.ioppr] = 5.793e-28*
                  POW2((-0.46737118 + x*(0.349255416 + x*0.002179893))/(1. + 
                  x*(0.130471301 + x*0.000524906)));
                /*fprintf(ioQQQ,"%.3e\t%.3e\n", 
                        rfield.AnuOrg[i]*EVRYD , opac.OpacStack[i-opac.ippr+opac.ioppr] );*/
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += rfield.nupper - opac.ippr + 1;
 
        /* brems (free-free) opacity */
        opac.ipBrems = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
 
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nupper; i++ )
        {
                /* missing factor of 1E-20 to avoid underflow
                 * free free opacity needs g(ff)*(1-exp(hn/kT))/SQRT(T)*1E-20 */
                opac.OpacStack[i-1+opac.ipBrems] = 
                        /*(realnum)(1.03680e-18/POW3(rfield.AnuOrg[i]));*/
                        /* >>chng 00 jun 05, descale by 1e10 so that underflow at high-energy
                         * end does not occur */
                        1.03680e-8/POW3(rfield.AnuOrg[i]);
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += rfield.nupper - 1 + 1;
 
        opac.iphmra = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nupper; i++ )
        {
                /* following is ratio of h minus to neut h bremss opacity */
                opac.OpacStack[i-1+opac.iphmra] = 0.1175*rfield.anusqr[i];
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += rfield.nupper - 1 + 1;
 
        opac.iphmop = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        for( i=hmi.iphmin-1; i < iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon; i++ )
        {
                /* H- hminus H minus bound-free opacity */
                opac.OpacStack[i-hmi.iphmin+opac.iphmop] = 
                        hmiopc(rfield.AnuOrg[i]);
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon - hmi.iphmin + 1;
 
        /* ============================================================== */
 
        /* This check will get us through "H2 photoionization cross section" below.     */
        /* >>chng 07 oct 10, by Ryan.  Added this check for allotted memory.    */
        for( diatom_iter diatom = diatoms.begin(); diatom != diatoms.end(); ++diatom )
        {
                if( opac.nOpacTot + rfield.nupper - (*diatom)->ip_photo_opac_thresh + 1 > ndimOpacityStack )
                        opacity_more_memory();
 
                (*diatom)->ip_photo_opac_offset = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
                opac.nOpacTot += (*diatom)->OpacityCreate( opac.OpacStack );
        }
 
        /* H2+ H2P h2plus photoabsorption
         * cs from 
         * >>refer      H2+     photodissoc     Buckingham, R.A., Reid, S., & Spence, R. 1952, MNRAS 112, 382, 0 K temp */
        OpacityCreateReilMan(opac.ih2pnt[0],opac.ih2pnt[1],csh2p,NCSH2P,&opac.ih2pof,
          "H2+ ");
 
        /* This check will get us through "HeI singlets neutral helium ground" below.   */
        /* >>chng 02 may 08, by Ryan.  Added this and other checks for allotted memory. */
        if( opac.nOpacTot + rfield.nupper - iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon + 1 > ndimOpacityStack )
                opacity_more_memory();
 
        /* HeI singlets neutral helium ground */
        opac.iophe1[0] = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        opac.ipElement[ipHELIUM][0][0][2] = opac.iophe1[0];
        for( i=iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1; i < rfield.nupper; i++ )
        {
                crs = t_ADfA::Inst().phfit(2,2,1,rfield.AnuOrg[i]*EVRYD);
                opac.OpacStack[i-iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon+opac.iophe1[0]] = 
                        crs*1e-18;
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += rfield.nupper - iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon + 1;
 
        /* these are opacity offset points that would be defined in OpacityCreate1Element,
         * but this routine will not be called for H and He
         * generate all heavy element opacities, everything heavier than He,
         * nelem is on the C scale, so Li is 2 */
        /*>>chng 99 jan 27, do not reevaluate hydrogenic opacity below */
        for( nelem=2; nelem < LIMELM; nelem++ )
        {
                if( dense.lgElmtOn[nelem] )
                {
                        OpacityCreate1Element(nelem);
                }
        }
 
        /* option to rescale atoms of some elements that were not done by opacity project
         * the valence shell - two arguments - element number on C scale, and scale factor */
        /*>>chng 05 sep 26, fudge factor to get atomic K fraction along well defined line of sight
         * to be observed value - this is ratio of cross sections, actual value is very uncertain since
         * differences betweeen Verner & opacity project are huge */
        OpacityValenceRescale( ipPOTASSIUM , 5. );
 
        /* now add on some special cases, where exicted states, etc, come in */
        /* Nitrogen
         * >>refer      n1      photo   Henry, R., ApJ 161, 1153.
         * photoionization of excited level of N+ */
        OpacityCreatePowerLaw(opac.in1[0],opac.in1[1],9e-18,1.75,&opac.in1[2]);
 
        /* atomic Oxygen
         * only do this if 1996 Verner results are used */
        if( dense.lgElmtOn[ipOXYGEN] && t_ADfA::Inst().get_version() == PHFIT96 )
        {
                /* This check will get us through this loop.    */
                /* >>chng 02 may 08, by Ryan.  Added this and other checks for allotted memory. */
                if( opac.nOpacTot + opac.ipElement[ipOXYGEN][0][2][1] - opac.ipElement[ipOXYGEN][0][2][0] + 1 > ndimOpacityStack )
                        opacity_more_memory();
 
                /* integrate over energy range of the valence shell of atomic oxygen*/
                for( i=opac.ipElement[ipOXYGEN][0][2][0]-1; i < opac.ipElement[ipOXYGEN][0][2][1]; i++ )
                {
                        /* call special routine to evaluate partial cross section for OI shells */
                        eps = rfield.AnuOrg[i]*EVRYD;
                        crs = ofit(eps,opart);
 
                        /* this will be total cs of all processes leaving shell 3 */
                        crs = opart[0];
                        for( long n=1; n < 6; n++ )
                        {
                                /* add up table of cross sections */
                                crs += opart[n];
                        }
                        /* convert to cgs and overwrite cross sections set by OpacityCreate1Element */
                        crs *= 1e-18;
                        opac.OpacStack[i-opac.ipElement[ipOXYGEN][0][2][0]+opac.ipElement[ipOXYGEN][0][2][2]] = crs;
                }
                /* >>chng 02 may 09 - this was a significant error */
                /* >>chng 02 may 08, by Ryan.  This loop did not update total slots filled.     */
                opac.nOpacTot += opac.ipElement[ipOXYGEN][0][2][1] - opac.ipElement[ipOXYGEN][0][2][0] + 1;
        }
 
        /* Henry nubmers for 1S excit state of OI, OP data very sparse */
        OpacityCreatePowerLaw(opac.ipo1exc[0],opac.ipo1exc[1],4.64e-18,0.,&opac.ipo1exc[2]);
 
        /* photoionization of excited level of O2+ 1D making 5007
         * fit to TopBase Opacity Project cs */
        OpacityCreatePowerLaw(opac.ipo3exc[0],opac.ipo3exc[1],3.8e-18,0.,&opac.ipo3exc[2]);
 
        /* photoionization of excited level of O2+ 1S making 4363 */
        OpacityCreatePowerLaw(opac.ipo3exc3[0],opac.ipo3exc3[1],5.5e-18,0.01,
          &opac.ipo3exc3[2]);
 
        /* This check will get us through the next two steps.   */
        /* >>chng 02 may 08, by Ryan.  Added this and other checks for allotted memory. */
        if( opac.nOpacTot + iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon - oxy.i2d + 1 
                + iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon - opac.ipmgex + 1 > ndimOpacityStack )
                opacity_more_memory();
 
        /* photoionization to excited states of O+ */
        opac.iopo2d = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        thres = rfield.AnuOrg[oxy.i2d-1];
        for( i=oxy.i2d-1; i < iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon; i++ )
        {
                crs = 3.85e-18*(4.4*pow(rfield.AnuOrg[i]/thres,-1.5) - 3.38*
                  pow(rfield.AnuOrg[i]/thres,-2.5));
 
                opac.OpacStack[i-oxy.i2d+opac.iopo2d] = crs;
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon - oxy.i2d + 1;
 
        /* magnesium
         * photoionization of excited level of Mg+
         * fit to opacity project data Dima got */
        opac.ipOpMgEx = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        for( i=opac.ipmgex-1; i < iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon; i++ )
        {
                opac.OpacStack[i-opac.ipmgex+opac.ipOpMgEx] = 
                        (0.2602325880970085 + 
                  445.8558249365131*exp(-rfield.AnuOrg[i]/0.1009243952792674))*
                  1e-18;
        }
        opac.nOpacTot += iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon - opac.ipmgex + 1;
 
        ASSERT( opac.nOpacTot < ndimOpacityStack );
 
        /* Calcium
         * excited states of Ca+ */
        OpacityCreatePowerLaw(opac.ica2ex[0],opac.ica2ex[1],4e-18,1.,&opac.ica2op);
 
        if( trace.lgTrace )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                        " OpacityCreateAll return OK, number of opacity cells used in OPSC= %ld and OPSV is dimensioned %ld\n", 
                  opac.nOpacTot, ndimOpacityStack );
        }
 
        /* option to compile opacities into file for later use 
         * this is executed if the 'compile opacities' command is entered */
        if( opac.lgCompileOpac )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "The COMPILE OPACITIES command is currently not supported\n" );
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
 
        if( lgRealloc )
                fprintf(ioQQQ,
                " Please consider revising ndimOpacityStack in OpacityCreateAll, a total of %li cells were needed.\n\n" , opac.nOpacTot);
        return;
}
/*OpacityCreatePowerLaw generate array of cross sections using a simple power law fit */
STATIC void OpacityCreatePowerLaw(
        /* lower energy limit on continuum mesh */
        long int ilo, 
        /* upper energy limit on continuum mesh */
        long int ihi, 
        /* threshold cross section */
        double cross, 
        /* power law index */
        double s, 
        /* pointer to opacity offset where this starts */
        long int *ip)
{
        long int i;
        double thres;
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "OpacityCreatePowerLaw()" );
 
        /* non-positive cross section is unphysical */
        ASSERT( cross > 0. );
 
        /* place in the opacity stack where we will stuff cross sections */
        *ip = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        ASSERT( *ip > 0 );
        ASSERT( ilo > 0 );
        thres = rfield.anu[ilo-1];
 
        if( opac.nOpacTot + ihi - ilo + 1 > ndimOpacityStack )
                opacity_more_memory();
 
        for( i=ilo-1; i < ihi; i++ )
        {
                opac.OpacStack[i-ilo+*ip] = cross*pow(rfield.anu[i]/thres,-s);
        }
 
        opac.nOpacTot += ihi - ilo + 1;
        return;
}
 
/*OpacityCreateReilMan generate photoionization cross sections from Reilman and Manson points */
STATIC void OpacityCreateReilMan(long int low, 
  long int ihi, 
  const realnum cross[], 
  long int ncross, 
  long int *ipop, 
  const char *chLabl)
{
        long int i, 
          ics, 
          j, 
          ncr;
 
        const int NOP = 100;
        realnum cs[NOP], 
          en[NOP], 
          slope;
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "OpacityCreateReilMan()" );
 
        /* this is the opacity entering routine designed for
         * the Reilman and Manson tables.  It works with incident
         * photon energy (entered in eV) and cross sections in megabarns
         * */
        *ipop = opac.nOpacTot + 1;
        ASSERT( *ipop > 0 );
 
        ncr = ncross/2;
        if( ncr > NOP )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Too many opacities were entered into OpacityCreateReilMan.  Increase the value of NOP.\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " chLabl was %4.4s\n", chLabl );
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
 
        /* the array CROSS has ordered pairs of elements.
         * the first is the energy in eV (not Ryd)
         * and the second is the cross section in megabarns */
        for( i=0; i < ncr; i++ )
        {
                en[i] = cross[i*2]/13.6f;
                cs[i] = cross[(i+1)*2-1]*1e-18f;
        }
 
        ASSERT( low>0 );
        if( en[0] > rfield.anu[low-1] )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                        " OpacityCreateReilMan: The entered opacity energy bandwidth is not large enough (low fail).\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                        " The desired energy (Ryd) was%12.5eeV and the lowest entered in the array was%12.5e eV\n", 
                  rfield.anu[low-1]*EVRYD, en[0]*EVRYD );
 
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " chLabl was %4.4s\n", chLabl );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " The original energy (eV) and cross section (mb) arrays follow:\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " " );
 
                for( i=0; i < ncross; i++ )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "%11.4e", cross[i] );
                }
 
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n" );
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
 
        slope = (cs[1] - cs[0])/(en[1] - en[0]);
        ics = 1;
 
        if( opac.nOpacTot + ihi - low + 1 > ndimOpacityStack )
          opacity_more_memory();
 
        /* now fill in the opacities using linear interpolation */
        for( i=low-1; i < ihi; i++ )
        {
                if( rfield.anu[i] > en[ics-1] && rfield.anu[i] <= en[ics] )
                {
                        opac.OpacStack[i-low+*ipop] = cs[ics-1] + slope*(rfield.anu[i] - 
                          en[ics-1]);
                }
 
                else
                {
                        ics += 1;
                        if( ics + 1 > ncr )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " OpacityCreateReilMan: The entered opacity energy bandwidth is not large enough (high fail).\n" );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " The entered energy was %10.2eeV and the highest in the array was %10.2eeV\n", 
                                  rfield.anu[i]*13.6, en[ncr-1]*13.6 );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " chLabl was %4.4s\n", chLabl
                                   );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " The lowest energy enterd in the array was%10.2e eV\n", 
                                  en[0]*13.65 );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " The highest energy ever needed would be%10.2eeV\n", 
                                  rfield.anu[ihi-1]*13.6 );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " The lowest energy needed was%10.2eeV\n", 
                                  rfield.anu[low-1]*13.6 );
                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
 
                        slope = (cs[ics] - cs[ics-1])/(en[ics] - en[ics-1]);
                        if( rfield.anu[i] > en[ics-1] && rfield.anu[i] <= en[ics] )
                        {
                                opac.OpacStack[i-low+*ipop] = cs[ics-1] + slope*(rfield.anu[i] - 
                                  en[ics-1]);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                ASSERT( i > 0);
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Internal logical error in OpacityCreateReilMan.\n" );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " The desired energy (%10.2eeV), I=%5ld, is not within the next energy bound%10.2e%10.2e\n", 
                                  rfield.anu[i]*13.6, i, en[ics-1], en[ics] );
 
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " The previous energy (eV) was%10.2e\n", 
                                  rfield.anu[i-1]*13.6 );
 
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Here comes the energy array.  ICS=%4ld\n", 
                                  ics );
 
                                for( j=0; j < ncr; j++ )
                                {
                                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "%10.2e", en[j] );
                                }
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n" );
 
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " chLabl was %4.4s\n", chLabl );
                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
                }
        }
        /* >>chng 02 may 09, this was a significant logcal error */
        /* >>chng 02 may 08, by Ryan.  This routine did not update the total slots filled.      */
        opac.nOpacTot += ihi - low + 1;
        return;
}
 
 
/*ofit compute cross sections for all shells of atomic oxygen */
STATIC double ofit(double e, 
          realnum opart[])
{
        double otot,
          q, 
          x;
 
        static const double y[7][5] = {
                {8.915,3995.,3.242,10.44,0.0},
                {11.31,1498.,5.27,7.319,0.0},
                {10.5,1.059e05,1.263,13.04,0.0},
                {19.49,48.47,8.806,5.983,0.0},
                {50.,4.244e04,0.1913,7.012,4.454e-02},
                {110.5,0.1588,148.3,-3.38,3.589e-02},
                {177.4,32.37,381.2,1.083,0.0}
        };
        static const double eth[7]={13.62,16.94,18.79,28.48,50.,110.5,538.};
        static const long l[7]={1,1,1,0,1,1,0};
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "ofit()" );
        /*compute cross sections for all shells of atomic oxygen
         * Photoionization of OI
         * Input parameter:   e - photon energy, eV
         * Output parameters: otot - total photoionization cross section, Mb
         *  opart(1) - 2p-shell photoionization, goes to 4So
         *  opart(2) - 2p-shell photoionization, goes to 2Do
         *  opart(3) - 2p-shell photoionization, goes to 2Po
         *  opart(4) - 2s-shell photoionization
         *  opart(5) - double photoionization, goes to O++
         *  opart(6) - triple photoionization, goes to O+++
         *  opart(7) - 1s-shell photoionization */
 
        otot = 0.0;
 
        for( int i=0; i < 7; i++ )
        {
                opart[i] = 0.0;
        }
 
        for( int i=0; i < 7; i++ )
        {
                if( e >= eth[i] )
                {
                        // this assert is trivially true, but it helps PGCC
                        ASSERT( i < 7 );
                        q = 5.5 - 0.5*y[i][3] + l[i];
 
                        x = e/y[i][0];
 
                        opart[i] = (realnum)(y[i][1]*(POW2(x - 1.0) + POW2(y[i][4]))/
                          pow(x,q)/pow(1.0 + sqrt(x/y[i][2]),y[i][3]));
 
                        otot += opart[i];
                }
        }
        return(otot);
}
 
/******************************************************************************/
 
/*OpacityCreate1Element generate ionic subshell opacities by calling t_ADfA::Inst().phfit */
STATIC void OpacityCreate1Element(
                  /* atomic number on the C scale, lowest ever called will be Li=2 */
                  long int nelem)
{
        long int ihi, 
          ip, 
          ipop, 
          limit, 
          low, 
          need, 
          nelec, 
          ion, 
          nshell;
        double cs; 
        double energy;
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "OpacityCreate1Element()" );
 
        /* confirm range of validity of atomic number, Li=2 should be the lightest */
        ASSERT( nelem >= 2 );
        ASSERT( nelem < LIMELM );
 
        /*>>chng 99 jan 27, no longer redo hydrogenic opacity here */
        /* for( ion=0; ion <= nelem; ion++ )*/
        for( ion=0; ion < nelem; ion++ )
        {
 
                /* will be used for a sanity check on number of hits in a cell*/
                for( ip=0; ip < rfield.nupper; ip++ )
                {
                        opac.opacity_abs[ip] = 0.;
                }
 
                /* number of bound electrons */
                nelec = nelem+1 - ion;
 
                /* loop over all shells, from innermost K shell to valence */
                for( nshell=0; nshell < Heavy.nsShells[nelem][ion]; nshell++ )
                {
                        /* this is array index for start of this shell within large opacity stack */
                        opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][2] = opac.nOpacTot +  1;
 
                        /* this is continuum upper limit to array index for energy range of this shell */
                        limit = opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][1];
 
                        /* this is number of cells in continuum needed to store opacity */
                        need = limit - opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][0] + 1;
 
                        /* check that opac will have enough frequeny cells */
                        if( opac.nOpacTot + need > ndimOpacityStack )
                                opacity_more_memory();
 
                        /* set lower and upper limits to this range */
                        low = opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][0];
                        ihi = opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][1];
                        ipop = opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][nshell][2];
 
                        /* make sure indices are within correct bounds,
                         * mainly check on logic for detecting missing shells */
                        ASSERT( low <= ihi || low<5 );
 
                        /* loop over energy range of this shell */
                        for( ip=low-1; ip < ihi; ip++ )
                        {
                                /* photo energy MAX so that we never eval below threshold */
                                energy = MAX2(rfield.AnuOrg[ip]*EVRYD , 
                                        t_ADfA::Inst().ph1(nshell,nelec-1,nelem,0));
 
                                /* the cross section in mega barns */
                                cs = t_ADfA::Inst().phfit(nelem+1,nelec,nshell+1,energy);
                                /* cannot assert that cs is positive since, at edge of shell,
                                 * energy might be slightly below threshold and hence zero,
                                 * due to finite size of continuum bins */
                                opac.OpacStack[ip-low+ipop] = cs*1e-18;
 
                                /* add this to total opacity, which we will confirm to be greater than zero below */
                                opac.opacity_abs[ip] += cs;
                        }
 
                        opac.nOpacTot += ihi - low + 1;
 
                        /* save pointers option */
                        if( save.lgPunPoint )
                        {
                                fprintf( save.ipPoint, "%3ld%3ld%3ld%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e\n", 
                                  nelem, ion, nshell, rfield.anu[low-1], rfield.anu[ihi-1], 
                                  opac.OpacStack[ipop-1], opac.OpacStack[ihi-low+ipop-1] );
                        }
                }
 
                ASSERT( Heavy.nsShells[nelem][ion] >= 1 );
                /*confirm that total opacity is greater than zero  */
                for( ip=opac.ipElement[nelem][ion][Heavy.nsShells[nelem][ion]-1][0]-1; 
                        ip < continuum.KshellLimit; ip++ )
                {
                        ASSERT( opac.opacity_abs[ip] > 0. );
                }
 
        }
        return;
}
 
/*opacity_more_memory allocate more memory for opacity stack */
STATIC void opacity_more_memory(void)
{
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "opacity_more_memory()" );
 
        /* double size */
        ndimOpacityStack *= 2;
        opac.OpacStack = (double *)REALLOC(  opac.OpacStack , (size_t)ndimOpacityStack*sizeof(double) );
        fprintf( ioQQQ, " NOTE OpacityCreate1Element needed more opacity cells than ndimOpacityStack,  please consider increasing it.\n" );
        fprintf( ioQQQ, " NOTE OpacityCreate1Element doubled memory allocation to %li.\n",ndimOpacityStack );
        lgRealloc = true;
        return;
}
 
/*Opacity_iso_photo_cs returns photoionization cross section for isoelectronic sequences */
STATIC double Opacity_iso_photo_cs( 
                /* photon energy ryd */
                double EgammaRyd , 
                /* iso sequence */
                long ipISO , 
                /* charge, 0 for H */
                long nelem , 
                /* index */
                long index )
{
        double crs=-DBL_MAX;
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "Opacity_iso_photo_cs()" );
 
        if( ipISO==ipH_LIKE )
        {
                if( index==0 )
                {
                        /* this is the ground state, use Dima's routine, which works in eV
                         * and returns megabarns */
                        double EgammaEV = MAX2(EgammaRyd*(realnum)EVRYD , t_ADfA::Inst().ph1(0,0,nelem,0));
                        crs = t_ADfA::Inst().phfit(nelem+1,1,1,EgammaEV)* 1e-18;
                        /* make sure cross section is reasonable */
                        ASSERT( crs > 0. && crs < 1e-10 );
                }
                else if( index < iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].numLevels_max - iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].nCollapsed_max )
                {
                        /* photon energy relative to threshold */
                        double photon = MAX2( EgammaRyd/iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].xIsoLevNIonRyd, 1. + FLT_EPSILON*2. );
 
                        crs = H_photo_cs( photon , N_(index), L_(index), nelem+1 );
                        /* make sure cross section is reasonable */
                        ASSERT( crs > 0. && crs < 1e-10 );
                }
                else if( N_(index) <= NHYDRO_MAX_LEVEL )
                {
                        /* for first cell, depending on the current resolution of the energy mesh,
                         * the center of the first cell can be below the ionization limit of the
                         * level.  do not let the energy fall below this limit */
                        /* This will make sure that we don't call epsilon below threshold,
                         * the factor 1.001 was chosen so that t_ADfA::Inst().hpfit, which works
                         * in terms of Dima's Rydberg constant, is not tripped below threshold */
                        EgammaRyd = MAX2( EgammaRyd , iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].xIsoLevNIonRyd*1.001f );
 
                        crs = t_ADfA::Inst().hpfit(nelem+1,N_(index),EgammaRyd*EVRYD);
                        /* make sure cross section is reasonable */
                        ASSERT( crs > 0. && crs < 1e-10 );
                }
                else
                {
                        /* photon energy relative to threshold */
                        double photon = MAX2( EgammaRyd/iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].xIsoLevNIonRyd, 1. + FLT_EPSILON*2. );
 
                        /* cross section for collapsed level should be 
                         * roughly equal to cross-section for yrast level,
                         * so third parameter is n - 1. */
                        crs = H_photo_cs( photon , N_(index), N_(index)-1, nelem+1 );
 
                        /* make sure cross section is reasonable */
                        ASSERT( crs > 0. && crs < 1e-10 );
                }
        }
        else if( ipISO==ipHE_LIKE )
        {
                EgammaRyd = MAX2( EgammaRyd , iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].xIsoLevNIonRyd);
                /* this would be a collapsed level */
                if( index >= iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][nelem].numLevels_max - iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][nelem].nCollapsed_max )
                {
                        long int nup = iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][nelem].n_HighestResolved_max + index + 1 -
                                (iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][nelem].numLevels_max - iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][nelem].nCollapsed_max);
 
                        /* this is a collapsed level - this is hydrogenic routine and
                         * first he-like energy may not agree exactly with threshold for H */
                        crs = t_ADfA::Inst().hpfit(nelem,nup ,EgammaRyd*EVRYD);
                        /* make sure cross section is reasonable if away from threshold */
                        ASSERT( 
                                (EgammaRyd < iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].xIsoLevNIonRyd*1.02) ||
                                (crs > 0. && crs < 1e-10) );
                }
                else
                {
                        long n = N_(index);
                        long l = L_(index);
                        long S = S_(index);
                        /* He_cross_section returns cross section (cm^-2), 
                         * given EgammaRyd, the photon energy in Ryd,
                         * quantum numbers n, l, and S,
                         * nelem is charge, equal to 1 for Helium,
                         * this is a wrapper for cross_section */
                        crs = He_cross_section( EgammaRyd, iso_sp[ipISO][nelem].fb[index].xIsoLevNIonRyd, n, l, S, nelem );
 
                        /* make sure cross section is reasonable */
                        ASSERT( crs > 0. && crs < 1e-10 );
                }
        }
        else
                TotalInsanity();
        return(crs);
}
 
/*hmiopc derive total H- H minus opacity */
static const int NCRS = 33;
 
STATIC double hmiopc(double freq)
{
        double energy, 
          hmiopc_v, 
          x, 
          y;
        static double y2[NCRS];
        static double crs[NCRS]={0.,0.124,0.398,0.708,1.054,1.437,1.805,
          2.176,2.518,2.842,3.126,3.377,3.580,3.741,3.851,3.913,3.925,
          3.887,3.805,3.676,3.511,3.306,3.071,2.810,2.523,2.219,1.898,
          1.567,1.233,.912,.629,.39,.19};
        static double ener[NCRS]={0.,0.001459,0.003296,0.005256,0.007351,
          0.009595,0.01201,0.01460,0.01741,0.02044,0.02375,0.02735,0.03129,
          0.03563,0.04043,0.04576,0.05171,0.05841,0.06601,0.07469,0.08470,
          0.09638,0.1102,0.1268,0.1470,0.1723,0.2049,0.2483,0.3090,0.4001,
          0.5520,0.8557,1.7669};
        static bool lgFirst = true;
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "hmiopc()" );
 
        /* bound free cross section (x10**-17 cm^2) from Doughty et al
         * 1966, MNRAS 132, 255; good agreement with Wishart MNRAS 187, 59p. */
 
        /* photoelectron energy, add 0.05552 to get incoming energy (Ryd) */
 
 
        if( lgFirst )
        {
                /* set up coefficients for spline */
                spline(ener,crs,NCRS,2e31,2e31,y2);
                lgFirst = false;
        }
 
        energy = freq - 0.05552;
        if( energy < ener[0] || energy > ener[NCRS-1] )
        {
                hmiopc_v = 0.;
        }
        else
        {
                x = energy;
                splint(ener,crs,y2,NCRS,x,&y);
                hmiopc_v = y*1e-17;
        }
        return( hmiopc_v );
}
 
/*rayleh compute Rayleigh scattering cross section for Lya */
STATIC double rayleh(double ener)
{
        double rayleh_v;
 
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "rayleh()" );
 
        /* do hydrogen Rayleigh scattering cross sections;
         * fits to 
         *>>refer       Ly      scattering      Gavrila, M., 1967, Physical Review 163, 147
         * and Mihalas radiative damping
         *
         * >>chng 96 aug 15, changed logic to do more terms for each part of
         * rayleigh scattering
         * if( ener.lt.0.05 ) then
         *  rayleh = 8.41e-25 * ener**4 * DampOnFac
         * */
        if( ener < 0.05 )
        {
                rayleh_v = (8.41e-25*powi(ener,4) + 3.37e-24*powi(ener,6))*
                  hydro.DampOnFac;
        }
 
        else if( ener < 0.646 )
        {
                rayleh_v = (8.41e-25*powi(ener,4) + 3.37e-24*powi(ener,6) + 
                  4.71e-22*powi(ener,14))*hydro.DampOnFac;
        }
 
        else if( ener >= 0.646 && ener < 1.0 )
        {
                rayleh_v = fabs(0.74959-ener);
                rayleh_v = 1.788e5/POW2(FR1RYD*MAX2(0.001,rayleh_v));
                /*  typical energy between Ly-a and Ly-beta */
                rayleh_v = MAX2(rayleh_v,1e-24)*hydro.DampOnFac;
        }
 
        else
        {
                rayleh_v = 0.;
        }
        return( rayleh_v );
}